No. 91, Docket 90-7306.United States Court of Appeals, Second Circuit.Argued September 13, 1990.
Decided November 29, 1990.
Page 407
Eleanor Jackson Piel, New York City, for plaintiff-appellant.
Dennis M. Wade (White, Fleischner Fino, New York City, of counsel), for defendant-appellee.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York.
Before LUMBARD, WINTER, and MINER, Circuit Judges.
LUMBARD, Circuit Judge:
[1] Fernando Rojas appeals from a judgment for Alexander’s Department Store, Inc. in the Eastern District of New York, Nickerson, Judge, after a jury returned a verdict in favor of Alexander’s. Rojas sued under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (1988) alleging that his constitutional rights had been violated when a security guard from Alexander’s arrested him without probable cause for shoplifting. In response to two special interrogatories, the jury found that although there was no probable cause to arrest Rojas, Alexander’s did not have a discriminatory policy targeting Hispanics for arrest. [2] Rojas argues that because the jury found that Alexander’s did not have probable cause to arrest him, he was entitled to damages under § 1983. Rojas also contends that he was entitled to a jury instruction and a special interrogatory that asked the jury whether the defendant had a policy of discriminating against “minorities” instead of merely against Hispanics. Finally, appellant claims it was reversible error to admit evidence that other New York City department stores kept records that designated the race or ethnic background of persons arrested for petit larceny. We agree with the rulings of the district court and affirm the judgment. [3] On November 9, 1984, Rojas, while waiting for his wife, went into the Alexander’s Department Store on Queens Boulevard in Rego Park, New York City. He purchased an answering machine in the electronics department and left to pick up his wife. Rojas and his wife then returned to Alexander’s to buy a second answering machine as a gift. While Rojas’s wife waited for him on another level of the store, Rojas went to the electronics department where he took another answering machine from a display. According to Rojas’s testimony,Page 408
the closest cash register had a long line so he went looking for another register. Jerry Diaz, a security guard for Alexander’s, testified that Rojas passed six registers before making his way to the department store exit. Rojas testified that he saw a display of women’s blouses close to the exit. Rojas claims that he then approached a security guard at the exit to ask if he could purchase both the answering machine and a blouse at the same register. Before he could question the security guard, Rojas was arrested by Diaz. According to his own admission on cross-examination, Rojas was three feet from the exit door when he was arrested.
[4] Rojas was led to an office where he was searched and handcuffed. Witnesses for Alexander’s stated that Rojas was treated with respect. Rojas agreed with this assessment except he contends that at one point he was called a “spic” or “spic mother fucker”. Alexander’s’ witnesses denied this assertion. Rojas was held for a period of about two hours before he was released. [5] Alexander’s employed a Special Police Officer,[1] Iris Luck. Luck recorded Rojas’s arrest in her employer’s records, signed the summons and read the Miranda warnings to Rojas prior to his questioning. Rojas was subsequently tried and acquitted on charges of petit larceny and criminal possession of stolen property. He thereafter brought this action. [6] Judge Nickerson put two special interrogatories to the jury. First, the jury was to determine whether the store had probable cause to arrest Rojas. The jury answered no. The second interrogatory asked the jury to decide whether Alexander’s had “a policy, custom or usage to discriminate against Hispanic customers on account of their race or national origin by subjecting them to increased suspicion and baseless arrest for shoplifting.” The jury also answered this question in the negative.[7] Effect of the Jury’s Determination that Alexander’s Lacked Probable Cause
[8] Rojas contends that because the jury found that Diaz lacked probable cause to arrest him for shoplifting, he was entitled to damages under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 for violation of his fourth amendment right not to be seized absent probable cause. We reject this argument.
of some nature caused a constitutional tort.” Monell v. Dep’t of Social Serv. of the City of New York, 436 U.S. 658, 691, 98 S.Ct. 2018, 2036, 56 L.Ed.2d 611 (1978) (emphasis added). See also Weeks, Personal Liability Under Federal
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Law: Major Developments Since Monell, in Section 1983: Sword and Shield, 295, 299 (Reilich and Carlisle ed. 1983). Althoug Monell dealt with municipal employers, its rationale has been extended to private businesses. See, e.g. Iskander, supra, at 128-29; Powell, supra, at 506; Smith v. Brookshire Bros., 519 F.2d 93, 94 (5th Cir. 1975) (per curiam) (the mere fact that the store manager may have made a mistake in detaining customers suspected of shoplifting does not, by itself, make the store owner liable to customers for damages); Draeger, supra,
at 145-46.
[12] Alleged Errors in the Jury Instruction
[13] In its jury charge, the district court, over Rojas’s objection, directed the jury to determine whether Alexander’s had a policy of discrimination against “Hispanics” instead of “minorities”. The second special interrogatory also used the term “Hispanics”, and not “minorities”:
[14] Plaintiff takes issue with the charge and the second special interrogatory, and argues that the jury should have been asked to decide whether the defendant had a policy of discriminating against “minorities”, as requested by Rojas. Rojas also contends that the district court gave erroneous instructions with regard to § 1983’s standard for employer liability. [15] We first address the contention that the district erred by using the term “Hispanic” as opposed to “minorities”. The only direct evidence of discrimination in this case was Rojas’s disputed testimony that he was called a “spic” or a “spic mother fucker” while being held by Alexander’s’ security guards. There was no direct evidence of discrimination against minority groups other than Hispanics. [16] In a city with the racial, ethnic and religious diversity of New York, defining the term minorities may prove an elusive task. By employing “Hispanics” in the jury instruction and special interrogatory, the district court made it clear that it was referring to a group that has traditionally been considered victimized by discrimination; a condition of which the jury must have been fully aware. [17] Rojas was allowed to introduce circumstantial evidence of discrimination against minorities in the form of the arrest records maintained by Alexander’s. His counsel was also permitted, over the defendant’s objection, to argue in summation that Alexander’s had a policy of discriminating against minorities. We find no reason to believe that the jury was misled, prejudiced or confused by Judge Nickerson’s charge. See Scheib v. Williams-McWilliams Co., 628 F.2d 509, 511 (5th Cir. 1980); Crador v. Louisiana Dep’t of Highways, 625 F.2d 1227, 1230 (5th Cir. 1980), cert. denied, 452 U.S. 915, 101 S.Ct. 3048, 69 L.Ed.2d 417 (1981); Cicinato v. McPheeters, 542 F.2d 634, 636 (4th Cir. 1976). It was not error for the court to refuse a charge employing the term “minorities” instead of “Hispanics”. [18] Regarding the liability of Alexander’s as an employer, Judge Nickerson first charged that, “[t]he employee must also be responsible for establishing policy regarding such activity before Alexander’s can be held liable.” Rojas’s counsel objected to the charge, prompting Judge Nickerson to make the following correction:Did Alexander’s have a policy, custom or usage to discriminate against Hispanic customers on account of their race or national origin by subjecting them to increased suspicion and baseless arrest for shoplifting?
[19] Thus, the court properly instructed the jury that the discriminatory policy leading to employer liability need not have been created by the employee implementing that policy. This correction sufficiently instructed the jury on the standard to be applied.However, the policy can be set by another employee or by the higher ups in Alexander’s and the fact that higher up employee (sic) has discretion in the exercise
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of his responsibility, if he is a policy making person, which does establish a policy, but a particular person just because he makes the arrest, in this case Mr. Diaz, if he is not the person responsible for making the policy it’s not because he has discretion and responsibility for establishing the policy.
[20] Relevance of Testimony of Arrest Records of Comparable Department Stores
[21] At trial, the plaintiff introduced the arrest records of Alexander’s which, among other things, recorded the race of the arrestee. Alexander’s then offered testimony that the arrest records of Macy’s Gimbel’s, Bloomingdale’s and other department stores also noted the race of arrestees. Rojas claims that this testimony was irrelevant, and its admission was not harmless error.